PET: 682703: 8494: 2005: Kubo & Kadla, 2005: PAN: 217: 2013: Ramasubramanian, 2013: 223237: 2016: Crystallinity information of some recently reported lignin-based CF is summarized in Table 8.2. It is clear that PETase induces surface erosion and pitting of a PET film with a crystallinity of 13.3 0.2%, resulting in a 10.1% relative crystallinity reduction (absolute reduction of 1.5%; SI Appendix, Table S2). 61 Fifteen percent samples contained erucamide. PET: 1.37: 7%: Plastic beverage bottles: Poly(vinyl chloride) PVC: 1.38: 19%: Plastic film, bottles, cups: Change in percent original tensile extensibility of polypropylene tape exposed in air and floating in sea water in Biscayne Bay, FL. A distinct microbial consortium that developed on the PET film after being cultured in one sediment sample caused the PET film to change morphologically. Concept of intermolecular order (morphology) amorphous, crystalline, orientation states. The methyl group improves mechanical properties and thermal resistance, although the chemical resistance decreases. Matthew Lanaro, Maria A. Woodruff, in Electrofluidodynamic Technologies (EFDTs) for Biomaterials and Medical Devices, 2018 3.4.4 Polyethylene terephthalate. Polypropylene is in many aspects similar to polyethylene, especially in solution behaviour and electrical properties. PP, EVA, PA-6, PC, and PET. Inorganic pigments cause the same type of shrinkage change to a less degree. Factor affecting crystallinity. PET has a glass transition temperature of 6781C Surprisingly, the PETase double mutant outperforms the wild-type PETase by both crystallinity reduction and product release. The rate of degradation (percent mass loss per second) was calculated from the initial slope of the isothermal TGA experiments (90 to 70% mass remaining) and used to determine an Arrhenius activation energy of 85.0 kJ/mol [coefficient of determination (R 2) = 0.998] for CSA-catalyzed PDXL depolymerization (fig. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. The separation efficiency was still greater than 93.5 percent after ten oil/water separation cycles. However, photogenerated e h + fast recombination poses a significant barrier to their use in photocatalytic applications [ 106 , 107 ]. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Concept of intermolecular order (morphology) amorphous, crystalline, orientation states. Crystalline transition. Polyethylene terephthalate is commonly referred to as polyester. Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. They looked for microorganisms that could grow primarily on low-crystallinity (1.9 percent) PET film using these samples. PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann after extended investigation and experimentation. Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. Crystalline transition. : 19 The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of Effect of morphology on polymer properties. Amorphous polymers have a random molecular structure that does not have a sharp melting point. 2.7 Proteins 2.7 Proteins 2.7 Proteins 2.8 Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA Crystallinity in plastics is conveniently estimated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy or thermal analysis, especially Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The lack of crystallinity can be explained by the nonlinear, PPTX and PBX were similar to those of PET 30, GC chromatogram with percent abundance of each stereoisomer. This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester.The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOCC 6 H 4 COOH) and ethylene glycol (HOCH 2 For the 60-day treatment sample, the major retention time peaks corresponding to 17.58 min, 16.70 min, 18.98 min, 15.69 min and 17.16 min are the top 5 based on area percent calculation . Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The crystallinity and oxygen-rich nature of this nanocomposite makes contributions to the capacitance change (Fig. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer.It has the idealized formula [CH 2 CH(OH)] n.It is used in papermaking, textile warp sizing, as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive formulations, in a variety of coatings, and 3D printing.It is colourless (white) and odorless. Earlier initiation of crystallization and more rapid crystallization result in high amount of crystallinity in pigments resin as compared to neat polymer. 2020). The 1,2-(ortho-) or 1,3-(meta-) linkage produces an angle in the chain, which also disturbs crystallinity.Such copolymers are advantageous for certain molding applications, such as thermoforming, which is used for example to make tray or blister packaging from co The barrier properties of a packaging material (film, paperboard) are influenced by the thickness and crystallinity of the paper material, size, and polarity of the permeant (Wang et al., 2018b). Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Instead, amorphous material softens gradually as temperature rises. The 1,2-(ortho-) or 1,3-(meta-) linkage produces an angle in the chain, which also disturbs crystallinity.Such copolymers are advantageous for certain molding applications, such as thermoforming, which is used for example to make tray or blister packaging from co The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. Factor affecting crystallinity. The separation efficiency was still greater than 93.5 percent after ten oil/water separation cycles. They looked for microorganisms that could grow primarily on low-crystallinity (1.9 percent) PET film using these samples. 61. The marrow may be 4.06.0% of the carcass weight (West and Shaw 1975). From this data, the percent crystallinity of the quench cooled PET container is given as: % crystallinity = [44.9 42.9] / 140.1 100% % crystallinity = 1.4% or essentially amorphous (0% crystallinity) Summary The measurement of the percent crystallinity by DSC is a straightforward and easy-to-perform test, which provides extremely Crystallinity in plastics is conveniently estimated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy or thermal analysis, especially Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). 2020). The 1,2-(ortho-) or 1,3-(meta-) linkage produces an angle in the chain, which also disturbs crystallinity.Such copolymers are advantageous for certain molding applications, such as thermoforming, which is used for example to make tray or blister packaging from co 2.1 Basic Chemistry Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. 61. The lower crystallinity of Lot 1 could probably decrease the material density. The PET coex structure in the coffee package example is also proposed for stand up pouches. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. PET: 1.37: 7%: Plastic beverage bottles: Poly(vinyl chloride) PVC: 1.38: 19%: Plastic film, bottles, cups: Change in percent original tensile extensibility of polypropylene tape exposed in air and floating in sea water in Biscayne Bay, FL. Several additives were studied including was used for studies of possible contaminants in post-harvest pears and apples. The percent crystallinity of each lot was determined by normalizing the measured heat of fusion to the literature value of 100% crystalline PTFE. PET is a semiaromatic polymer synthesized from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Surprisingly, the PETase double mutant outperforms the wild-type PETase by both crystallinity reduction and product release. DSC measures the melting enthalpy H m (J/g) of the plastic material and its ratio with that of the 100% crystalline plastic, H m,o (J/g) yields an estimate of percent crystallinity. Concept of intermolecular order (morphology) amorphous, crystalline, orientation states. A combination of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and epoxy/calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)-stearic acid composites was prepared, the optimal content for calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) particle modification was 2 wt% (weight percent), and the thermal stability and mechanical properties were improved (Nguyen et al. DSC measures the melting enthalpy H m (J/g) of the plastic material and its ratio with that of the 100% crystalline plastic, H m,o (J/g) yields an estimate of percent crystallinity. 4d). This video provides a basic introduction for college students who are about to take the 1st semester of organic chemistry.It covers topics such as polar an. The marrow inside some of the bones can also be used as food. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. Effect of morphology on polymer properties. Stanyl is a high-performance aliphatic polyamide with a melting temperature of 295C that due to its high crystallinity and fast crystallization speeds entails three key strengths. Similar structures are reported by Hausmann [80] and Shiffmann [110,111] . Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. It is commonly supplied as beads or as Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer.It has the idealized formula [CH 2 CH(OH)] n.It is used in papermaking, textile warp sizing, as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive formulations, in a variety of coatings, and 3D printing.It is colourless (white) and odorless. A distinct microbial consortium that developed on the PET film after being cultured in one sediment sample caused the PET film to change morphologically. The lack of crystallinity can be explained by the nonlinear, PPTX and PBX were similar to those of PET 30, GC chromatogram with percent abundance of each stereoisomer. 2.1 Basic Chemistry Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. The process came about because some service demands, particularly from the packaging industry, could not be satisfied by a single polymer although they could be met by a combination of This happens in the polymerization of PET polyester.The monomers are terephthalic acid (HOOCC 6 H 4 COOH) and ethylene glycol (HOCH 2 The crystallinity and oxygen-rich nature of this nanocomposite makes contributions to the capacitance change (Fig. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Another common modifier is isophthalic acid, replacing some of the 1,4-(para-) linked terephthalate units. The marrow inside some of the bones can also be used as food. Coextrusion is the process of forming an extrudate composed of more than one thermoplastic melt stream. These values are higher if they include the meat clinging to the bone. Breil [77] discusses oriented multilayer barrier films made on a simultaneous linear stretcher (tenter frame). The percent crystallinity of each lot was determined by normalizing the measured heat of fusion to the literature value of 100% crystalline PTFE. : 19 The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of From this data, the percent crystallinity of the quench cooled PET container is given as: % crystallinity = [44.9 42.9] / 140.1 100% % crystallinity = 1.4% or essentially amorphous (0% crystallinity) Summary The measurement of the percent crystallinity by DSC is a straightforward and easy-to-perform test, which provides extremely As shown, PTFE Lot 1 was 72% crystalline, which was significantly lower compared to the 82% of Lot 2. The transmission of permeants is influenced by storage conditions i.e., humidity and temperature. Effect of morphology on polymer properties. PET has a glass transition temperature of 6781C 2.7 Proteins 2.7 Proteins 2.7 Proteins 2.8 Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA Polymers (plastics, elastomers or rubber) are made up of long chains of molecules and may be amorphous or crystalline. The spent -Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst was also readily removed from aqueous media [105] . Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH, PVA, or PVAl) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer.It has the idealized formula [CH 2 CH(OH)] n.It is used in papermaking, textile warp sizing, as a thickener and emulsion stabilizer in polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesive formulations, in a variety of coatings, and 3D printing.It is colourless (white) and odorless. The marrow may be 4.06.0% of the carcass weight (West and Shaw 1975). Another common modifier is isophthalic acid, replacing some of the 1,4-(para-) linked terephthalate units. As-cast PEDOT:PSS films have an inherent direct current electrical conductivity () of no more than 1.0 S cm 1; 81, 107, 108 whereas the modified films are able to show a substantial improvement in conductivity to 23 orders of magnitude (the best values reach 4000 S cm 1) through the doping of polar solvents, 93 strong acids, 78-81 ionic liquids, 109 etc. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. The methyl group improves mechanical properties and thermal resistance, although the chemical resistance decreases. Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. The process came about because some service demands, particularly from the packaging industry, could not be satisfied by a single polymer although they could be met by a combination of Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. As-cast PEDOT:PSS films have an inherent direct current electrical conductivity () of no more than 1.0 S cm 1; 81, 107, 108 whereas the modified films are able to show a substantial improvement in conductivity to 23 orders of magnitude (the best values reach 4000 S cm 1) through the doping of polar solvents, 93 strong acids, 78-81 ionic liquids, 109 etc. 2.1 Basic Chemistry Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. 16.1.7 Coextrusion. 4d). These values are higher if they include the meat clinging to the bone. As-cast PEDOT:PSS films have an inherent direct current electrical conductivity () of no more than 1.0 S cm 1; 81, 107, 108 whereas the modified films are able to show a substantial improvement in conductivity to 23 orders of magnitude (the best values reach 4000 S cm 1) through the doping of polar solvents, 93 strong acids, 78-81 ionic liquids, 109 etc. The process came about because some service demands, particularly from the packaging industry, could not be satisfied by a single polymer although they could be met by a combination of A combination of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and epoxy/calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)-stearic acid composites was prepared, the optimal content for calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) particle modification was 2 wt% (weight percent), and the thermal stability and mechanical properties were improved (Nguyen et al. Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. The species Ideonella sakaiensis is a member of the Ideonella genus. It is commonly supplied as beads or as The barrier properties of a packaging material (film, paperboard) are influenced by the thickness and crystallinity of the paper material, size, and polarity of the permeant (Wang et al., 2018b). Another common modifier is isophthalic acid, replacing some of the 1,4-(para-) linked terephthalate units. Section 2: Polymer Characterization The marrow inside some of the bones can also be used as food. Limitations of Polyethylene Terephthalate Although PET has immensely added to our daily life, there still exist some drawback with the polymer. Matthew Lanaro, Maria A. Woodruff, in Electrofluidodynamic Technologies (EFDTs) for Biomaterials and Medical Devices, 2018 3.4.4 Polyethylene terephthalate. PP, EVA, PA-6, PC, and PET. Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. Eleven percent of pork carcasses, 15% of beef carcasses and 16% of lamb carcasses are bone. A schematic showing how polymer films change with orientation and how migration can be restricted with increasing crystallinity. Amorphous polymers have a random molecular structure that does not have a sharp melting point. The transmission of permeants is influenced by storage conditions i.e., humidity and temperature. Polyethylene terephthalate is commonly referred to as polyester. Clive Maier, Teresa Calafut, in Polypropylene, 1998. PET normally reaches a crystallinity of 40-50%, but can also be polymerized to a co-polymer that cannot crystallize. Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. The invention discloses a biological degradable film, enhancement type biological degradable fabrics and a laminate material, and the enhancement type biological degradable fabrics and the laminate material are made of the laminated biological degradable film. The species Ideonella sakaiensis is a member of the Ideonella genus. The rate of degradation (percent mass loss per second) was calculated from the initial slope of the isothermal TGA experiments (90 to 70% mass remaining) and used to determine an Arrhenius activation energy of 85.0 kJ/mol [coefficient of determination (R 2) = 0.998] for CSA-catalyzed PDXL depolymerization (fig. They looked for microorganisms that could grow primarily on low-crystallinity (1.9 percent) PET film using these samples. Polymers (plastics, elastomers or rubber) are made up of long chains of molecules and may be amorphous or crystalline. The rate of degradation (percent mass loss per second) was calculated from the initial slope of the isothermal TGA experiments (90 to 70% mass remaining) and used to determine an Arrhenius activation energy of 85.0 kJ/mol [coefficient of determination (R 2) = 0.998] for CSA-catalyzed PDXL depolymerization (fig. The marrow may be 4.06.0% of the carcass weight (West and Shaw 1975). Additionally, Crystallinity in plastics is conveniently estimated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy or thermal analysis, especially Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). It is commonly supplied as beads or as Within 24 min of visible light activation, -Fe 2 O 3 can successfully destroy 99 percent Congo red. PET: 1.37: 7%: Plastic beverage bottles: Poly(vinyl chloride) PVC: 1.38: 19%: Plastic film, bottles, cups: Change in percent original tensile extensibility of polypropylene tape exposed in air and floating in sea water in Biscayne Bay, FL. OEMs continue to beat the drum for resins with at least a 20 percent increase in OHC vs. the toughened epoxies being used on the 787 and A350. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical Inorganic pigments cause the same type of shrinkage change to a less degree. The barrier properties of a packaging material (film, paperboard) are influenced by the thickness and crystallinity of the paper material, size, and polarity of the permeant (Wang et al., 2018b). Crystallization affects optical, 16.1.7 Coextrusion. PET is a semiaromatic polymer synthesized from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. the degree of crystallinity of the plastic and non-equilibrium effects. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. Clive Maier, Teresa Calafut, in Polypropylene, 1998. Eleven percent of pork carcasses, 15% of beef carcasses and 16% of lamb carcasses are bone. Organic pigments provide crystalline nuclei from which crystals grow. A combination of recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and epoxy/calcium carbonate (CaCO 3)-stearic acid composites was prepared, the optimal content for calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) particle modification was 2 wt% (weight percent), and the thermal stability and mechanical properties were improved (Nguyen et al. This video provides a basic introduction for college students who are about to take the 1st semester of organic chemistry.It covers topics such as polar an. As shown, PTFE Lot 1 was 72% crystalline, which was significantly lower compared to the 82% of Lot 2. PET normally reaches a crystallinity of 40-50%, but can also be polymerized to a co-polymer that cannot crystallize. The biological degradable film mainly comprises polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) or Similar structures are reported by Hausmann [80] and Shiffmann [110,111] . Discovery. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical DSC measures the melting enthalpy H m (J/g) of the plastic material and its ratio with that of the 100% crystalline plastic, H m,o (J/g) yields an estimate of percent crystallinity. Several additives were studied including was used for studies of possible contaminants in post-harvest pears and apples. PET: 682703: 8494: 2005: Kubo & Kadla, 2005: PAN: 217: 2013: Ramasubramanian, 2013: 223237: 2016: Crystallinity information of some recently reported lignin-based CF is summarized in Table 8.2. The transmission of permeants is influenced by storage conditions i.e., humidity and temperature. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical For the 60-day treatment sample, the major retention time peaks corresponding to 17.58 min, 16.70 min, 18.98 min, 15.69 min and 17.16 min are the top 5 based on area percent calculation . The structure of a polymer is defined in terms of crystallinity. S38). Breil [77] discusses oriented multilayer barrier films made on a simultaneous linear stretcher (tenter frame). Additionally, The PET coex structure in the coffee package example is also proposed for stand up pouches. : 19 The properties of polypropylene depend on the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, crystallinity, type and proportion of 2.7 Proteins 2.7 Proteins 2.7 Proteins 2.8 Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. Microplastics are ubiquitous in estuarine, coastal, and deep sea sediments. S38). The spent -Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst was also readily removed from aqueous media [105] . Limitations of Polyethylene Terephthalate Although PET has immensely added to our daily life, there still exist some drawback with the polymer. Polypropylene is in many aspects similar to polyethylene, especially in solution behaviour and electrical properties. Coextrusion is the process of forming an extrudate composed of more than one thermoplastic melt stream. The species Ideonella sakaiensis is a member of the Ideonella genus. 61 Fifteen percent samples contained erucamide. The lack of crystallinity can be explained by the nonlinear, PPTX and PBX were similar to those of PET 30, GC chromatogram with percent abundance of each stereoisomer. Section 2: Polymer Characterization Discovery. A distinct microbial consortium that developed on the PET film after being cultured in one sediment sample caused the PET film to change morphologically. These values are higher if they include the meat clinging to the bone. Crystallization affects optical, From this data, the percent crystallinity of the quench cooled PET container is given as: % crystallinity = [44.9 42.9] / 140.1 100% % crystallinity = 1.4% or essentially amorphous (0% crystallinity) Summary The measurement of the percent crystallinity by DSC is a straightforward and easy-to-perform test, which provides extremely Amorphous polymers have a random molecular structure that does not have a sharp melting point. 4d). The lower crystallinity of Lot 1 could probably decrease the material density. Instead, amorphous material softens gradually as temperature rises. Matthew Lanaro, Maria A. Woodruff, in Electrofluidodynamic Technologies (EFDTs) for Biomaterials and Medical Devices, 2018 3.4.4 Polyethylene terephthalate. It is clear that PETase induces surface erosion and pitting of a PET film with a crystallinity of 13.3 0.2%, resulting in a 10.1% relative crystallinity reduction (absolute reduction of 1.5%; SI Appendix, Table S2). PET is a semiaromatic polymer synthesized from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. As shown, PTFE Lot 1 was 72% crystalline, which was significantly lower compared to the 82% of Lot 2. 61 Fifteen percent samples contained erucamide. OEMs continue to beat the drum for resins with at least a 20 percent increase in OHC vs. the toughened epoxies being used on the 787 and A350. PET: 682703: 8494: 2005: Kubo & Kadla, 2005: PAN: 217: 2013: Ramasubramanian, 2013: 223237: 2016: Crystallinity information of some recently reported lignin-based CF is summarized in Table 8.2. 16.1.7 Coextrusion. Additionally, The biological degradable film mainly comprises polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) or Surprisingly, the PETase double mutant outperforms the wild-type PETase by both crystallinity reduction and product release. Crystallization affects optical, The lower crystallinity of Lot 1 could probably decrease the material density. A schematic showing how polymer films change with orientation and how migration can be restricted with increasing crystallinity. The structure of a polymer is defined in terms of crystallinity. PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann after extended investigation and experimentation. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. Inorganic pigments cause the same type of shrinkage change to a less degree. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; PET normally reaches a crystallinity of 40-50%, but can also be polymerized to a co-polymer that cannot crystallize. Within 24 min of visible light activation, -Fe 2 O 3 can successfully destroy 99 percent Congo red. S38). All matter, living or nonliving, is made up of elements. It is clear that PETase induces surface erosion and pitting of a PET film with a crystallinity of 13.3 0.2%, resulting in a 10.1% relative crystallinity reduction (absolute reduction of 1.5%; SI Appendix, Table S2). A schematic showing how polymer films change with orientation and how migration can be restricted with increasing crystallinity. Limitations of Polyethylene Terephthalate Although PET has immensely added to our daily life, there still exist some drawback with the polymer. the degree of crystallinity of the plastic and non-equilibrium effects. The spent -Fe 2 O 3 photocatalyst was also readily removed from aqueous media [105] . Discovery. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks. OEMs continue to beat the drum for resins with at least a 20 percent increase in OHC vs. the toughened epoxies being used on the 787 and A350. Similar structures are reported by Hausmann [80] and Shiffmann [110,111] . Organic pigments provide crystalline nuclei from which crystals grow. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Stanyl is a high-performance aliphatic polyamide with a melting temperature of 295C that due to its high crystallinity and fast crystallization speeds entails three key strengths.
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